Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens – MAB (Mouvement des personnes affectées par les barrages)
De plus en plus de barrages s'étendent sur les rivières du Brésil. Ces mégaprojets, qu'il s'agisse de barrages de résidus miniers ou de barrages hydroélectriques, ont eu un impact profond sur les communautés qui vivent à proximité de ces cours d'eau et en dépendent. Le MAB s'organise avec les populations rurales au niveau local pour s'attaquer aux effets néfastes de ces projets et proposer des solutions efficaces.
Créé en 1991 en tant que mouvement populaire national autonome, le Mouvement des personnes affectées par les barrages (MAB) défend le droit humain à l’eau et à la terre, en particulier pour les personnes déplacées par les barrages et autres mégaprojets. La menace d’un nombre croissant de méga-barrages s’est considérablement accrue à mesure que les crises climatique et énergétique ont alimenté la croissance des sources d’énergie dites « propres et vertes », comme l’hydroélectricité.
Le travail du MAB montre comment ces projets – dont beaucoup reçoivent des crédits carbone dans le cadre des mécanismes internationaux de développement propre – augmentent en fait la déforestation et les émissions de méthane, tout en dévastant les écosystèmes locaux et les communautés qui y sont attachées. En vertu du droit national et international, les communautés doivent être pleinement informées des projets qui menacent leurs habitations, leurs terres et leurs moyens de subsistance, et il convient d’obtenir leur consentement préalable. Malheureusement, la réalité est bien différente.
Le MAB apporte un soutien à l’organisation des personnes menacées par les barrages – en particulier les familles à faibles revenus et les familles autochtones dont la vie est la plus affectée par les barrages et dont les droits sont régulièrement bafoués. Le MAB travaille également avec les familles déplacées suite à des catastrophes causées par les barrages afin qu’elles reçoivent l’assistance et les compensations qui leur sont dues pour reconstruire leur vie.
Le MAB est en train de construire un puissant mouvement de résistance qui recherche un modèle de développement alternatif et durable, favorisant la souveraineté énergétique du peuple brésilien. Dans ce modèle, la durabilité de l’environnement, de la culture et des communautés est au cœur des préoccupations. Il intègre des mécanismes participatifs permettant à la société civile de discuter, de construire, d’influencer et de contrôler les politiques énergétiques aux niveaux local, régional et national.
L’eau et l’énergie étant des questions clés qui se recoupent avec le changement climatique, le MAB joue également un rôle essentiel dans l’élaboration d’un mouvement international plus fort en faveur de la justice climatique. Les communautés les plus touchées par les impacts climatiques et par les fausses solutions sont non seulement celles qui ont le moins contribué au changement climatique, mais aussi celles qui détiennent les vraies solutions pour y remédier.
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